high performance voltage regulators

millwood

I am not a fan of voltage regulators for power amp applications - they simply don't work.

For preamps, you can argue that there is a place for them.

it seems that many diyers in China like voltage regulators so I thought I would publish a few.

Here is a link to most high performance voltage regulators: http://tangentsoft.net/elec/opamp-linreg.html

for those of you who cannot have access to it, some schematics follow.

the sulzer regulator basically started the race for high performance regulators for audio.

both the borbely regulators and jung super regulators are very well known, and widely used and copied by high-end audio preamp manufacturers.

The jung regulators in particular are very very good.

if you are into voltage regulators, you should ata least try one of the jung regulators.

enjoy.

millwood

btw, pay attention to how the lm317 's adjust pin is connected in the last schematic (jung super regulator 2), vs. the suzler-borbley regulator.

Water Jung is  one of the smartest circuit design we have seen and this is a proof of it.

输入电龙

那位翻译呀

decarte

How to adjust output voltage level? Still the Resistor at Adjust pin?

bojinov

受教了~

Wilmer威马

Audio Amateur 的好电路！

millwood

原帖由 decarte 于 2007-12-13 12:08 发表
How to adjust output voltage level? Still the Resistor at Adjust pin?

are you talking about jung super regulator 2?

the lm317 is a floating pre-regulator. its resistors are fixed.

the output voltage is determined by r1/r2 and the zener.

胡咧咧

1楼的用机器翻译的。明白个大概意思就得了。


高性能电压调整器

我不会使用电压调整的风扇。
做为前级大放器，很难有地方安置它们。
看起来在中国很多亲自动手制作（DIY）很喜欢用这种，所以我在这里写一些这样的应用。
这外链接是多数高性能的电压调整器。http://tangentsoft.net/elec/opamp-linreg.html
如果现在进不去的话，请稍后再试！～  
这肉冻（sulzer，不解。怎么出来肉冻了）调整器基本上开始了高性能的音响调整器。
下面这两种电路得到了很多人的好评、应用和复制。
6月份这个版本非常非常的好。
你最好尝试6月份这个版本。
享受吧！～

PS：应该是温控风扇的电路
－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－
顺便说一句
注意怎样调整lm317 连接在最后的图解（6月 第2份电路），相对于夏天
最好用水冷
－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－

怎么调整输出电压？可调电阻在哪里？
－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－
请你看6月的第2个图
lm317 是一个动态前调整器，它的电阻器是固定的
输出电压由r1/r2 和齐纳二极管决定。

kerrysun

FAN means 粉丝. 哈哈, 我认为比"风扇"更贴近.顶,好贴.

millwood

jung regulators are a little bit too complicated as it requires a high-speed opamp, which is hard to come by.

however, you can implement a jung regulator quite simply.

here is one example.

special note: V1 is a 2v led, v3 is a 20v zener (you may use a different one depending on your needs).

it looks pretty much like a regular power supply.

a) input stage: q2/q3 form the differential input stage. V3 the zener provides a reference voltage. r2 provides bias to the zener, and r6/c2 form a low-pass filter to filter out zener noise.

r4/r8 forms the feedback to the input stage. C1 drops all the a/c on the base of Q2 to increase the gain for output ripple.

b) Q4 forms the voltage ampliciation stage, R10 is the emitter regenerator resistor.

the load of Q4 is a constant current source (q1, r1, c1, and r4). This helps improve gain for the amplifier.

c) M1 is the output mosfet (it can be a bipolar transistor as well).

as you can see, when fed with 50v dc + 20v ripple (40% ripple content), and driving into 8ohm load (3.7amp), the output is rock solid at between 29.43371v to 29.43387v, or a ripple content of 1-29.43371/29.43387=0.0005%. or a 37,000x improvement.

millwood

as locky_z pointed out, this is essentailly a power amplifier.

if you feed audio signal to V3, you get audio output on R7.

like any other audio amplifiers, you can improve it.

the first problem is that the current in the input stage varies with output voltage or ripple.

so we can replace R3 with a constant current source.

slightly better ripple rejection: output ripple from 29.369185v to 29.369257v, or a ripple content of 0.0002%, and ripple rejection of 80,000x.

very good.

millwood

another way to improve the open loop gain of a differential pair is to use a current mirror.

q5/q6 is the added current mirror and r11/r12 the degeneration resistors.

ripple? well, from 29.4101561v to 29.4101468v, or ripple of 0.00003%, ripple rejection of 632,000x.

you cannot beat that, can you?

小鬼头

原帖由 millwood 于 2007-12-13 09:11 发表
I am not a fan of voltage regulators for power amp applications - they simply don't work.

For preamps, you can argue that there is a place for them.

it seems that many diyers in China like voltage regulators so I thought I would publish a few.

Here is a link to most high performance voltage regulators: http://tangentsoft.net/elec/opamp-linreg.html

for those of you who cannot have access to it, some schematics follow.

the sulzer regulator basically started the race for high performance regulators for audio.

both the borbely regulators and jung super regulators are very well known, and widely used and copied by high-end audio preamp manufacturers.

The jung regulators in particular are very very good.

if you are into voltage regulators, you should ata least try one of the jung regulators.

enjoy.

我译一下主题帖,供参考----------------------------------------------------------------------------

标题：《高性能稳压器》

我不喜欢在功放使用稳压器——稳压器简直就不能（正常）工作。

在前置放大器中，你们可以讨论是否应该使用稳压器。

似乎中国很多DIY者都喜欢使用稳压器，所以我想介绍一些给你们。

这是有最高性能稳压器线路的网页http://tangentsoft.net/elec/opamp-linreg.html

考虑到有些人可能打不开这个网页，我就把这些线路贴出来。

基本上可以说，sulzer式稳压器的出现 ，带来了用于音响的高性能稳压器的竞赛。

borbely 式稳压器和jung式超级稳压器都很有名， 而且他们被厂家大量应用于制造HI-END前级放大器中。

特别是jung式稳压器，他（的性能）是非常非常好。

如果你对稳压器有兴趣，最少也应该试一试jung式稳压器。

millwood

most amps have great psrr at low frequencies but poor psrr at high frequencies.

so how will our amp do?

I fed it with a 20vp 20khz ripple, rather than the 100hz ripple we have been using.

here is its ripple output for the last version with a current mirror.

output ripples from 29.41006v to 29.41023v, or 0.00058% ripple, for a ripple rejection of 34,000x.

not bad at all.

millwood

further improvement?

a) replace R4 with a tl431 + 2 resistors.
b) replace the zener with a tl431 + 2 resistors.
c) add a floating pre-regulator, like in jung super regulator 2.
d) use two small signal mosfets for q2/q3 and dial up the current.
e) add a protecton diode for M1.

etc.

millwood

what I would NOT recommend this power supply?

NOT in a power amp.

长贵

是否我画的那类似推挽电路的稳压电路不成立

Biglee_163

今天花了整一天的时间翻译了下millwood提到的Jung的基于运放的线性稳压电源的文章，翻译的不好的地方请高手给予宝贵的指点，希望对广大烧友有帮助！

Op-Amp Based Linear Regulators
基于运放的线性稳压电源（标题）

Experienced audio DIYers are familiar with monolithic linear regulators like the 78xx series and the LM317. Here's a
simplified block diagram of a standard linear regulator, from National Semiconductor's Application Note 1148:
富有经验的DIYers非常乐意使用线性稳压电源比如78**系列以及LM317。这个是个标准的线性稳压器的简化方块图，从National Semiconductor's  Note 1148文档而来:

Biglee_163

Let's see... We have an op-amp, a couple of transistors, a voltage reference, and a few resistors. Can we build a linear regulator from these individual components? Yes, we can!
看看。。假如我们有一个运放，一些电阻，一个参考电压源以及一些晶体管，我们是否可以制作一个线性稳压电源？答案是肯定的！

Why DIY a Regulator?
Before monolithic IC regulators became popular, people made linear regulators from discrete components and maybe a general-purpose IC or two. I'll call them DIY regulators, lacking a better term.
为什么要做稳压电源？
在单片集成电路流行前，人们用分离元件制作稳压电源，或许就类似单或多功能的IC。我会称他们是DIY稳压电源，因为没有一个专业的称谓。

Like the μA741 IC op-amp did to small discrete amplifiers in the late 1960's, the invention of the 3-terminal fixed IC regulator a few years later started pushing out DIY regulators and fully discrete regulators. These IC regulators are easy to apply, take up little board space, and have quite good performance. The secondary effects of these facts are that 3-terminal regulators like the LM317 are made by several manufacturers, and you can get them for as little as about 50 cents in single quantities. And if you want to spend a little bit of money to get even better performance, there are many improved regulators on the market. So why would one want to return to the days where people made their own linear regulators from generic parts?
就象741运放在60年代干掉分离放大器一样，几年后发明的3端稳压IC开始排挤分离元件稳压电源和DIY稳压电源的市场。这些IC使用简便，占用印板面积小，并且有非常不错的性能。第二个重要的因素是这些3端稳压比如LM317被许多厂家制造以至你可以花50美分在零售市场取得一个。如果你想多花点钱得到性能更好的，市场上有许多改进的集成稳压可以买到。所以谁还愿意回到用分离元件自己制作稳压电源的年代？

The main problem with the improved IC linear regulators on the market is that they have nonstandard pinouts and they can be fairly expensive. Consider the Linear Technology LT1581 high-current high-speed LDO regulator: it's a 7-pin TO-220 type package and it costs about $13 for single units. For $13, you can buy a pretty good collection of parts. If you can afford the board space the DIY approach takes up, you can often equal or better the performance of monolithic IC regulators.
市场上的那些改进的线性稳压IC的最大的问题是他们的引脚排列并非规则而且价格有些贵。不如线性公司的LT1581高速大电流LDO稳压电源：他是个7脚TO-220封装的元件，价格是每个13美元。而13美元你可以买到很多高级的零件了。如果不在乎印板面积，DIY可以做出接近IC或更好性能的的产品。

This article follows the history of a popular series of DIY linear regulators. Starting from initial concepts basically idential to the archetype block diagram above, this particular thread through history will wind up in a very sophisticated design. Because this final design developed piecemeal over the course of two decades, that's how I'll show it. I think showing the steps this series of designs went through aids understanding of the final design.
下面的文章记录了一组流行的DIY线性稳压电源的发展历史。从上面方块图原理所示发展起来，这个特定的设计思路已经经过了历史的考验。最终的版本花了20年时间来推翻了最初的时间，这就是我写出来的原因。我想显示这个系列的发展轨迹来让人们理解最终的设计。

We will follow the thread through the pages of the journal The Audio Amateur, the forerunner of audioXpress. audioXpress offers a complete catalog of back issues going back to 1970, so that's how I followed the history. (Most of the back issues are still available in printed form; a few years in the 1970s are sold out now and are only available on their 1970's reprint CD.) My purpose here is not to duplicate this material, but to summarize it and serve as a guide to it. If you want the full details of these designs, I recommend that you get the issues I reference. Many of these articles have a lot of information in them that I am glossing over here.
我们可以顺着音响杂志先驱The Audio Amateur的线索。audioXpress提供了追朔至70年代的所有目录，这是我追随历史的依据。（大部分历史目录在印刷物上；部分70年代现在有出售并且仅在70年代重新出版的CD上）我现在的观点不是简单地复制他们，而是总结他们并当一个向导使用。如果你想得到我提到的设计的详细的资料，我建议你买一本出版物。我在这里做解释的的文章在出版物里有许多重要的信息。

How Does a Series Linear Regulator Work?
The archetype block diagram above is called a series linear regulator, because the pass transistor is in series between the input and output. This type of regulator is based on a simple idea: you can control the voltage at the output leg of the transistor by manipulating the voltage at the base. Let's study the archetype design above.
线性稳压电源如何工作？上面的原始方块图称为线性稳压电源，因为调整三极管是串联在输入和输出中间的。这种稳压电源是基于一个简单的观点：你可以通过控制三极管的基极电压的方法来控制三极管输出脚的电压。让我们来学习原型的原理。

Connected to one input of the op-amp (called the error amp) is the voltage reference, VREF. You can make voltage references in many different ways, so the technology used isn't important at this point. A good reference puts out a fixed voltage under varying conditions, and you can get versions that put out any of several standard voltages.
连接op-amp（称为误差放大器）的一个输入脚的是参考电压，VREF。你可以通过许多不同的方法来取得参考电压，这个不在本文重点讨论范围。一个好的参考源可以在外部变化的条件下给出固定的电压参考，你可以使用发表过的任何标准电压源的版本。

Connected to the other input of the error amp is the midpoint of a voltage divider. We'll come back to this later.
连接误差放大器另一个输入点的是一个电压分压器的中点电压。稍后我们再来讨论。

An op-amp tries to make its two input voltages equal by adjusting its output voltage. In the diagram, the output of the error amp is connected to the base of an NPN transistor: when the error amp drives current into this transistor's base, it allows current to flow from collector to emitter, and that transistor in turn pulls current from the base of the pass transistor. This arrangement lets an op-amp capable of driving a few tens of milliamps control an amp or so of current across the pass transistor.
一个op-amp通过调节输出电压的方式来使两个输入端保持平衡。在这个图里，误差放大器的输出端连接到了一个NPN三极管的基极上：当误差放大器输出电流到了三极管的基极上，三极管允许电流从集电极向发射极流动，这个传输三极管工作时就是就是从基极吸取电流的过程。这样的安排可以让一个运放有几十毫安的驱动能力来控制一个放大器或者控制调整管的电流。

Now comes the neat bit. Let's say you have a 5V reference and the voltage divider is set up to divide the voltage from VOUT to GND by 4. Since the op-amp tries to make its two inputs equal and one input (the voltage reference) stays constant, it will adjust its output voltage until 5V appears at the midpoint of the divider. Since it's a divide-by-4 voltage divider, VOUT goes to 20V and it stays there because it's a real-time system, constantly adjusting to changing conditions.
现在详细讨论，比如你有一个5V的参考电压以及，一个从VOUT到GND分压比为4的分压网络。因为运放总是要保持两个输入端的平衡，而其中的一个是保持不变的（参考电压），所以，他会调节自己的输出电压一直到分压电路出现5V为止。由于分压比为4，所以最终的输出电压将保持在20V，因为这是一个实时的系统，会对变化的状况保持调节。

Voilá, you have a series linear regulator.
庆贺，你有了一个串联稳压电源了。

(If you want to read more about the operation of linear regulators, I recommend reading the AN-1148 app note I reference above.)
（如果你想阅读线性稳压电源更多的信息，我建议你阅读我提到的the AN-1148 app note）

Now, this simple design isn't perfect. The error amp can only slew so fast, the voltage reference will have some error, the output of the regulator has an effective impedance resulting in current-modulated voltage drops, and all of the components in question will drift to some extent as the temperature changes. Furthermore, all of the components in the regulator generate some noise, and this gets worse as temperature rises.
然而，这个简单的设计并非完美。误差放大器只会快速摇摆，参考电压也会有误差，稳压电源输出阻抗高导致电流调制方式的电压失落。而且所有的部件都不同程度的有温度漂移现象。此外，所有的部件都有噪音产生，而且随着温度上升而恶化。

Sophistication Begins: The Sulzer Regulator
In the 2/1980 issue of The Audio Amateur Mike Sulzer published this regulator design:

Biglee_163

Sophistication Begins: The Sulzer Regulator
In the 2/1980 issue of The Audio Amateur Mike Sulzer published this regulator design:

诡辩开始：The Sulzer Regulator
1980年2月Mike Sulzer 在The Audio Amateur发布了这个稳压电源设计：

There are several subtle improvements in this design relative to the archetype:
这个设计相对原型而言有许多细节上的改进：

It uses the fast, low-noise NE5534 as the error amp.
他使用了高速低噪音NE5534作为误差放大器

The unregulated supply voltage ripple is largely filtered by a RC low-pass filter with a low corner frequency (R3 and C3+C4), and the zener noise is mitigated by another filter, R4 and C5. These filters are a step beyond the bypass caps you find used on monolithic linear regulators, because they're so tightly woven into this design.
未稳压电压纹波首先被一个低转折频率的RC低通滤波器(R3 and C3+C4)大大地过滤了，稳压管的噪音也被另一个滤波器R4和C5给减轻了。这些参考集成稳压电路旁路电容做法的滤波器是个进步，因为这些细节已经紧密地编织在设计理念中了。

The large C1 cap rolls off the gain of the regulator starting at a low frequency so that high frequency noise isn't amplified by the error amp. Output voltage is VREF × (R2/R1 + 1).
这个大的电容C1从一个较低的转折频率开始滚降，所以高频噪音没有被误差放大器放大。输出电压是VREF × (R2/R1 + 1).

The NE5534 was the hot new chip back in 1980, priced at about $11 in 2003 money. Now the NE5534 is generic, and you can can get them for under $1. The cost of the op-amp pretty much exchanges evenly with the cost of an LM317. The parts above and beyond what you'd add to an LM317 circuit (say, 3 caps and 2 resistors) should only cost a few dollars more, and the performance should be better than you get with an LM317. I'm reliably informed that the error amp within an LM317 is closest in performance to a 741; as the error amp's performance goes, so goes the regulator's performance. Some look back on the NE5534 with disdain these days, but it's still miles ahead of the 741.
5534是个1980的新的热点芯片，按2003年货币折算是11美元。现在5534已经很普通了，你可以在1美元以下得到他。运放的价值已经可以交换一棵LM317。上面的部件加上你添加到一个LM317电路上的（3个电容和2个电阻）只要花费很少的钱，但你可以得到比317更好的性能。我可以判断在317电路里面的误差放大器大致接近741运放的性能；当误差放大器的性能得到提高，相应的稳压电源的性能也得到了提高。现在回头看5534有点鄙视，但他多少比741好多了。

There's a lot of good information in the article about how Sulzer designed and tested his regulator, so it's worthwhile to dig this one up if you plan on making Sulzer regulators.
这篇文章中有许多Sulzer 设计和测试他的稳压电源的细节，所以如果你想制作Sulzer 稳压电源的话还是值得挖掘一下的。

Sulzer Variations
Sulzer变型

In the 1/1981 issue of The Audio Amateur, Sulzer published a follow-up article. This article feels more like a collection of random ideas thrown out for people to try, rather than another strong design like the first article. Since there are later variants that perform better and are no more complex, I won't show a schematic for the '81 circuit.
1981年1月Sulzer在The Audio Amateur又发表了一篇文章。这篇文章更象一篇随意的感想鼓励人们尝试而不象第一个版本这样的一个好设计。因为仅仅是一些细节上的改良而没有增加任何复杂程度，所以我没有显示81年的电路。

The following ideas first appeared in the 1981 article:
下面的观点是首次出现在81年的文章中的：

using an LM317 as a pre-regulator
replacing the zener with a precision voltage reference
connecting the pass transistor's collector directly to the unregulated supply
adding another, bigger transistor on the output in Darlington configuration to get more output current
The most notable of these advances is the pre-regulator. It keeps the voltage drop across the pass transistor more nearly constant, improving its performance. It also removes the need for the low-pass filter on the V+ pin of the error amp, which saves on parts and probably improves the op-amp's performance since it reduces its supply impedance.
使用一个LM317作为一个预先稳压电源
用一个精密的参考电压源代替稳压管
将调整三极管的集电极直接连接到未稳压的供电上
增加一个大功率三极管组成达林吨形式以取得更大的输出电流能力
最值得一提改进是增加的预先稳压电源。他使调整三极管上的电压降接近稳定，改进了他的性能。同时也取消了误差放大器V+端的低通滤波器，不仅节约了部件而且由于降低了阻抗而使运放的性能达到了提高。

In the 1980 article, Sulzer credits Jim Breakall (among others) with helping with the design of the regulator. In the 1/1983 issue of The Audio Amateur Breakall and others published an article with an extensive series of tests of what is basically Sulzer '81. They focused on output impedance, and they compared the new DIY design with the LM317 and LM340. They also tested a few different op-amps in the regulator. As one might guess, the Sulzer regulator with a 741 in it performed about the same as an LM317, but with a good op-amp the Sulzer regulator greatly surpassed the LM317. They did show a small amount of improvement from adding the pre-regulator, but not as much as you might think. This article is worth digging up for the test results and methods.
在80年的文章中Sulzer指出这个设计得到了Jim Breakall（还有其他人）的帮助。1983年1月Breakall和他人在The Audio Amateur发表了一篇文章，文中对Sulzer '81电路有了许多详细的测试。他们将关注点集中在了输出阻抗上，并且将DIY设计与LM317 及 LM340进行了比较。他们还在这个稳压电源中测试了其他运放。可以预见，使用741的Sulzer稳压器和LM317打个平手，而使用好点运放的稳压器就全面胜出了317。他们也提到了增加预先稳压的一点改进，但没有你想象的那么好，这篇文章值得回味如果你对测试结果和方法有兴趣的话。

In the 1/1987 issue of The Audio Amateur, Jan Didden chimes in with some variations on the Sulzer regulator. He uses a 7818 as a pre-regulator and a 7805 as a reference, and he uses a better pass transistor than the generic one Sulzer used. It's an interesting circuit, but I don't think it's worth showing here.
1987年1月在The Audio Amateur杂志，Jan Didden 也发表了一些Sulzer稳压器的变种。他使用了一个7818作为预先稳压器并用一个7805作为一个参考电压，另外他使用了比Sulzer稳压器原先使用的更好的三极管来做调整管。这是一篇精彩的文章，但我认为还不值得在此展示。

Sulzer-Borbely Regulator
Sulzer-Borbely 稳压器

Also in the 1/1987 issue, prolific designer Erno Borbely published a moving coil preamp with a Sulzer type regulated power supply. Borbely didn't go into any details about his variations, probably because it really isn't a major improvement. The Borbely variant is simply a thoughtful pick-and-choose exercise from the ideas that went before. It's a solid design worth repeating:
也是在1987年1月发表的，多产设计家Erno Borbely发布了使用Sulzer稳压电源的动圈唱头前置放大器。Borbely没有对他的变形做更深的细节，也许这确实不是一个重要的改进。Borbely的改进是对以前的观点的进行的依次深思熟虑的实践。这是个值得肯定的设计。